Sources
1 Ryseff, J., De Bruhl, B.F., & Newberry, S.J. (2024). The Root Causes of Failure for Artificial Intelligence Projects and How They Can Succeed. RAND Corporation. rand.org
2 S&P Global Market Intelligence (2025). AI project failure survey. Via CIO Dive
3 Pertama Partners (2025). AI Total Cost of Ownership: Beyond the License Fee. "License fees represent only 20–40% of true AI costs… True AI costs typically run 2–5× the sticker price." pertamapartners.com
4 Gowan, I. (2026). AI Integration Costs: The Hidden Expenses of AI Adoption. Opagio. "The licensing fee represents 20–30% of the total cost." opag.io
5 Keyhole Software (2026). AI Software Development Costs 2026. "Nearly a quarter of organizations underestimate costs by 50% or more." keyholesoftware.com